Dengue virus, an arbovirus, causes dengue fever and severe dengue hemorrhagic fever. There are four serotypes of the dengue virus that cause human disease. Following natural infection with one of the dengue virus serotypes results in lifelong immunity to future infection with that dengue virus serotype. However, the patient remains susceptible to infection with the three remaining dengue virus serotypes. If a previously dengue-infected individual is infected with a new dengue virus serotype, then they are at increased risk for developing severe dengue hemorrhagic fever. Initial exposure and infection with one of the dengue virus serotypes usually results in asymptomatic and self-limiting infection. However, severe dengue is possible following initial infection with a dengue virus serotype. Dengue infections are typically characterized by mild flu-like symptoms with fever, nausea and vomiting, body aches, and a rash. Severe dengue hemorrhagic fever is characterized by severe symptoms propelled by a capillary leak syndrome that causes bleeding from mucus membranes and the gastrointestinal tract, possibly further progressing to dengue shock syndrome with associated multiorgan failure and a high mortality rate up to 20%. The geographic distribution of dengue is broad, mainly affecting tropical regions such as south and southeast Asia, the western pacific, and Latin America. Dengue virus has been detected in over 100 countries. In the United States and Western Europe, dengue is primarily a travelers' disease. However, the dengue virus may expand to temperature regions due to climate change in the future. Over the past 100 years, dengue has emerged as a global health threat from a sporadic disease of previously low public health threat. Currently, it's estimated that around half of the world's population is a risk for dengue virus exposure, with around 100 million cases of dengue reported globally in 2019.2 A vaccine (Dengvaxia) is available for individuals who were previously infected with dengue and are at increased risk of developing severe dengue upon infection with one of the other dengue virus serotypes. The primary control measures for decreasing the incidence and size of outbreaks are:

• vaccine distribution
• vector control, animation, sleeping nets
• spray insecticide to kill surrounding outbreaks
• spray insecticide to prevent reproduction of mosquito, shorten the life cycle of the mosquito, prevent transmission to humans 
• medication, antiviral treatment
• early diagnosis, early diagnosis is associated with lower mortality rate, with early treatment

All methods listed above are needed to control dengue, especially control of mosquito vector populations.

References:

Blackmore CM. Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika Virus. In: Boulton ML, Wallace RB. eds. Maxcy-Rosenau-Last Public Health & Preventive Medicine, 16e. McGraw Hill; 2022. 

Zeng Z, Zhan J, Chen L, Chen H, Cheng S. Global, regional, and national dengue burden from 1990 to 2017: A systematic analysis based on the global burden of disease study 2017. EClinicalMedicine. 2021 Jan 6;32:100712. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100712. 

Pasteur I. Dengue. Institut Pasteur. https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/dengue. Published October 5, 2021. Accessed March 11, 2022.