Coastal Hardening
Costal hardening is a term for replacing natural coastlines consisting of vegetation in the form of seagrass or other coastal ecosystems such as sandy beaches, with artificial structures consisting of sea walls, piers, ports, and other structures. A recent study using satellite imagery published in Nature Sustainability found that 53% of 30 coastal cities in New Zeeland, Australia, the United Kingdom, and North America are currently hardened by structures. Additionally, the study forecasts a 50-76% increase in coastal hardening over the next 25 years.
Reference:
Floerl, O. et al. Nature Sustain. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00780-w (2021).
Keywords:
Coastal Hardening
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